Fixed Points for Secondary Level and Industrial Calibration

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Fixed Points for Secondary Level and Industrial Calibration (496.68 KB)

A new technique for the realization of fixed points has been developed mainly for secondary level and industrial calibration. The new technique is distinguished from the traditional fixed-point technique with following aspects: simpler equipment, easier operation, less training required, lower cost, and higher working efficiency. Various new designs of fixed-point cells and their maintenance apparatus are described, including the triple point of water, the melting point of gallium, and many freezing points of pure metal. The test results are reported and the uncertainties are estimated for these fixed points using the new technique.